Influenza Critical Analysis - 740 Words

A Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Emergency Planning for an Influenza Outbreak in the UK 1. Introduction Notable for being the cause of some of history’s most infamous pandemics, the influenza virus was, until the emergence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) several decades ago, the virus that was the most studied of all viruses (Potter, 2001). Furthermore, in 2015 the National Risk Register classified an influenza pandemic as the greatest risk to the security of the United Kingdom (UK) based on the likelihood of occurrence and its predicted impact (UK Cabinet Office, 2015). The devastating influenza pandemic of 1918/19 is estimated to have infected half of the global population with a mortality in the region of 40-50†¦show more content†¦Two different proteins on the surface of influenza A, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), act as antigens triggering the human antibody response, and it is small mutations in these proteins (antigenic drift) which are the cause of large outbreaks and epidemics. However, there is also the potential for a recombination of v ariant forms of HA and NA proteins leading to completely new viral subtypes and it is this sudden ‘antigenic shift’ which has the potential to cause a pandemic (Hawker et al., 2012; Potter, 2001). Diagnosis of influenza is usually based simply on clinical findings but testing (usually reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) can be carried out on various respiratory and blood samples (Ellis and Zambon, 2002). Treatment is not always necessary as in most cases influenza infection will be self-limiting, however when antiviral treatment (neuraminidase inhibitors) is required it is most effective when commenced within 48 hours of symptoms (WHO, 2016). Human to human transmission is via the respiratory route (Public Health England, 2014) however transmission is also possible from infected pigs to humans and vice versa (Nelson et al., 2012) and between birds, including poultry and songbirds, and humans (Jones et al., 2014). Killingley and Nguyen-Van-Tam (2013) note that there are some questions regarding transmission that remain to be answered including the question of relative significance of eachShow MoreRelatedTreatment For Influenza Adults : A Meta Analysis Of Randomized Controlled Trials1532 Words   |  7 PagesOseltamivir treatment for influenza in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Influenza-Disease Epidemiology Influenza or flu is a contagious viral infection that attacks nose, throat, and lungs. It can cause fever, chills, runny nose, sore throat, cough, muscle ache, and fatigue. The flu virus is extremely small and only visible through electron microscopes. Inside the virus genetic material contains the information to make more copies of the same virus. A protein shell providesRead MoreThe Prevention Of The Flu Season Brings Up A Lot Of Queries About The Disease Prevention Essay857 Words   |  4 Pagesreputation of providing factual health information about disease control and prevention. CDC is one of the government agency that provides guidelines in terms of disease control and prevention. Analysis of Websites Evaluation of websites entails a host of criteria for them to be considered credible. By merely looking at the CDC’s website’s main page, for example, links are provided to a government organization which is U.S Department of Health andRead MoreThe Effects Of Echinacea And Its Effects On The World963 Words   |  4 Pagesrespiratory tract. It then invades tissues in these organs. On the Science Based Medicine database there were many articles found about echinacea and its relation to the cold and flu. The article â€Å"Echinacea for Cold and Flu†, discusses the sales and critical evidence of the herb. It was found that in 2009, â€Å"(echinacea) sales were estimated at $132 million in the US alone in 2009, an increase of 7% over the previous year† (Novella 2010). The article discusses many negative results from most studiesRead MoreInfluenza Continues to Affect The Population in Large Numbers1257 Words   |  6 Pagesantiviral drugs were utilized and proven effective in the prevention of laboratory confirmed influenza and secondary complications among patients in facilities providing long term care. Consequently, the effectiveness of antiviral drugs in the management of recognized outbreaks is supported by considerable proof noted in long term care facilities, particularly nursing homes. 1 Although, the effectiveness of influenza vaccines and antiviral therapy has been shown, some individuals lack insurance to obtainRead MoreCharacterization Of Duck Viperin And The Natural Reservoir Of Influenza A Virus ( Iav ) Essay964 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and other waterfowl are the natural reservoir of Influenza A virus (IAV) (Webster et al. 1992). IAV may cross the species barrier from the reservoir species causing sporadic infections in other avian or mammalian species (Webster et al. 1995). These infections impose a large burden on human and animal health worldwide leading to economic losses; In humans, in 2008, 90 million new influenza infections resulted in an estimated 28000- 115000 deaths worldwide (Nair et alRead MoreThe Effects Of Cancer Paved The Road For My Life1436 Words   |  6 Pagesconstructing an S. entertica strain with a promoter mutation to over-express thiO. However, results indicated overexpression of thiO does not reverse growth defects seen in anaerobic conditions. In my second project, I determined that leucine and valine are critical amino acids for restoring growth fermenting and anaerobic nutrient deprived conditions. Lastly, I was responsible to isolate a mutant strain that spo ntaneously gained the ability to produce vitamin B1 in order to gain insight in genomic alterationsRead MoreVaccines Are Promising Methods For Disease Prevention1571 Words   |  7 Pagesimmunization rates, pertussis frequencies and encephalitis frequencies. The United States released the DTaP vaccine in 2005 and it was comprised of two versions; one for use in 10-18-year old’s and another for 11- 64-year old’s. Yih et al. (2009) did an analysis of vaccine uptake and adverse events reported between 2005 to 2008. In order to collect accurate data regarding the safety of the new vaccine, the formation of a surveillance system was implemented; supervised by the Vaccine Safety Datalink whichRead MoreVaccinations : Should They Be Mandatory?1331 Words   |  6 Pagesfortunately, he was victorious against this fatal infection. Started from there were a series of important and noteworthy innovations which changed the vaccine industry forever. From Louis Pasteur’s rabies vaccine in 1885 to the development of the influenza vaccine in 2012, millions upon millions of lives have been saved solely through the life-changing advances made in the vaccination and immunization industry over the couple of centuries. Credit for the ra pid findings of these precious vaccines overRead MoreAlterations Of Brain And Immune Function Produced By Mindfulness Meditation1155 Words   |  5 Pagesin antibodies due to the injected vaccine. Measurement of Variables The experiment measured on the relation between the magnitude of increase in the left anterior activation and the magnitude of antibody titer rise as a response to the injected influenza vaccine between week for and week eight. The dependent variable in the experiment was the left anterior activation while antibody titer was the independent variable. Research Design The study utilized a correlation design whereby relations betweenRead MoreInfluenza A H1N1 Virus1818 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In 1918-19 approximately 50 million deaths were a detriment of the Spanish H1N1 virus pandemic; a respiratory virus. According to the World Health Organization, the second Influenza A H1N1 pandemic in 2009 spread to more than 200 countries causing more than 18 000 deaths. Before the World Health Organization had announced the official end of the pandemic in August 2010, in July 2009 the World Health Organization sent out a phase 6 warning that H1N1 could soon be a global pandemic.

Indian Nationalism Concealed as Yearning Reminiscence...

In â€Å"Journey to Dharmsala,† Rohinton Mistry offers a memoir narrative of his trip to the mountainous city of Dharmsala which emerges as an attractive, ocular and fictional delineation of a tour to a Tibetan people’s town in India that ease the speaker come full circle: His childhood imaginations which he pictured by seeing the photographs of his uncles family in reality were quite different in adulthood: â€Å"How far was it- that Dharmsala of my imagination and of my uncle’s youth-how far from what I had seen?†(51). However his childhood and adulthood coincide in peaceful moment that manifest Mistry’s glorification of his birth place India. Therefore, Mistry offers narrative structure that leads the reader to an agenda regarding Indian Nationalism. This is not to indicate that the speaker has some malevolent agenda to force Indian nationalism upon the reader. Rather, he shares experiences of his journey to divulge the subdued whisper of the es say in a manner that even he is not fully aware of. He produces regular imagery such that reader can visualise all the events and get attracted towards the speaker. Hence, the power of rhetorical analysis lies in the text is shown as an evidence of an analytical assert and tried to aim throughout this analysis. Mistry opens his essay with a description of the spiritual leader Dalai Lama and how he found political refuge in India and the attacks as well as torture by Chinese soldiers. Then there are few paragraphs about Mistry’s

Comparing the Business Model of Apple and Wal-Mart - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 967 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? COMPARING THE BUSINESS MODEL OF APPLE INC AND WAL-MART 1 INTRODUCTION:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ APPLE INC. Apple Inc., previously Apple Computer, Inc., American producer of PCs, PC peripherals, and PC programming. It was the first effective PC organization and the popularizer of the graphical client interface. Base camps are situated in Cupertino, California (Heracleous, 2013). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparing the Business Model of Apple and Wal-Mart" essay for you Create order  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ WAL-MART Wal-Mart, in full Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., American administrator of rebate stores, one of the worlds greatest retailers. Their central commands are in Bentonville, Ark (Baines, 2013). I. POLITICAL FACTORS OF THE GLOBAL MARKET OF APPLE AND WAL-MART:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ APPLE INC. Political component gives an overwhelming impact to Apple Inc. choice making process as they have set up numerous organizations everywhere throughout the world. In 2005, 52% of offers were outside of America. Apple has no power over relations with different nations because of Americas war on Terrorism. Apple produces a large portion of their items outside of the USA. This includes a rundown, for example, Ireland, China, Czech Republic, and Korea. Political clashes with any of these nations will have horrible consequences for Apple INC. Awful global relations, wars, terrorism, and general wellbeing issues between U.S. also, these states may give a negative effect that may harm the Apple Inc. notoriety and additionally their business process (Foros, Kind Shaffer, 2103).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ WAL-MART To assemble the associations foot prints in California in the term of expanding open resistance, the questionable technique has been used by Wal-Mart. According to a late report in which, it is said that Wal-Mart have inside and out raised their political responsibility. Report communicates that Wal-Mart has blazed through millions on state and neighborhood wanders and over $17 million in government choices. More than 69% which spoke to $11.6 million of Walton family and Wal-Marts dedication has gone to Republican hopefuls and sheets. A person from Wal-Mart has reported that Waltons family is the wealthiest family on the planet; they are putting millions to their radical theory and preservationist inspiration rather than putting their money to manufacture pay for Wal-Marts pros (BreaÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ SolÃÆ' ­s, CasadesusÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Masanell GrifellÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ TatjÃÆ' ©, 2015). II. SOCIAL FACTORS OF THE GLOBAL MARKET OF APPLE AND WAL-MART:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ APPLE INC. The overall communication of individuals checks innovation extraordinary part. Todays World cant be envisioned without innovative gadgets as Computers, cellular telephones to be a la mode with data or secluded from The Social Network. Apple is the comprehensively seen as the King of innovation, on account of value and outline. Another huge social impact is the music business, Apple having built up the greatest virtual media store, iTunes. With everything taken into account, Apples picture additionally depicts the cutting edge singulars way of life, consolidating usefulness with configuration, prompting brand recognizable proof and faithfulness. Way of life and need of customers are constantly evolving. Clients necessities in the diversion section are better illustrations and better solid, so this fragment needs PC to have speedier handling force, graphical buying force and great sound framework gadgets. Clients need littler, lighter PC and in addition longer time of battery life fo r to be versatile ( Salama Bach, 2013).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ WAL-MART Social variable assumes a significant part to making a clients psyche. A Quality element dependably has been on front line of Wal-Mart all through the history which is the reason individuals believed that Wal-Mart is the best place to go for shopping. Because of the social impact individuals who need one stop administration inclines toward Wal-Mart for shopping (Baines, 2013). Figure: Wal-Mart Growth with International Market Growth III. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF THE GLOBAL MARKET OF APPLE AND WAL-MART:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ APPLE INC. The organization gauges that it was in charge of 23.1 million metric huge amounts of nursery gas emanations in the year 2011. As indicated by Apple, 98 percent of those outflows are identified with its items life cycle, with only 2 percent credited to the organizations offices. That is up altogether over the organizations discharges in 2010, which measured only 14.8 million metric tons. To a certain degree, that is normal in most circumstances, as the record quarterly deals the organization keeps piling on propose that Apple is delivering and dispatching more items than any time in recent memory. Anyway, Apple says the measure of its nursery gas emanations per dollar of income have really diminished since 2008, to the tune of 15.4 percent (Heracleous, 2013).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ WAL-MART Nature is a noteworthy sympathy toward multinational companies; this is on account of vast partnerships are blamed for annihilating the earth and the depletion of common assets all the time. Wal-Mart has had a natural issue before; they sold furniture that was delivered from utilizing wood from a characteristic store. They were vigorously condemned and were in the long run pushed into dropping the product offering totally. As a consequence of that issue, their development in that field was ended (Childress, 2012). REFERENCES: Salama, N., Bach, C. (2013). Introduction of 6th Generation Smart Phone combining the features of both Apple and Android smart phone.arXiv preprint arXiv:1309.4508. retrieved from https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1309/1309.4508.pdf Heracleous, L. (2013). Quantum Strategy at Apple Inc.Organizational Dynamics,42(2), 92-99. Retrieved from https://www.heracleous.org/uploads/1/1/2/9/11299865/quantum_strategy_-_org_dynamics.pdf Foros, ÃÆ'ËÅ"., Kind, H. J., Shaffer, G. (2013). Turning the Page on Business Formats for Digital Platforms: Does Apples Agency Model Soften Competition? Retrieved from https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/194997/Workingpaper.pdf?sequence=1 BreaÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ SolÃÆ' ­s, H., CasadesusÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Masanell, R., GrifellÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ TatjÃÆ' ©, E. (2015). Business model evaluation: Quantifying Walmarts sources of advantage.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. Retrieved from https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13135315/brea-solis,casadesus-masanell,grifell-tatje_business-model-eval_SEJ-12-0963-R3.pdf?sequence=1 Childress, A. (2012). Wal-Mart: Going Green or Gimmick? Retrieved from https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1143context=honors Baines, J. (2013). Walmartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Contested Expansion in the Retail Business: Differential Accumulation, Institutional Restructuring and Social Resistance. Monograph.Political Science, York University, 1-33. Retrieved from https://bnarchives.yorku.ca/358/2/20120925_baines_walmart_contested_expansion.pdf

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 1255 Words

[INSERT TITLE] â€Å"Take that dog back wherever you picked it up from†, my mother yelled across the front yard. â€Å"No, it’s hungry, you can see his ribs,† 7yr old me replied in sorrow. Mother rolled her eyes at me and made a hand movement, agreeing to let the dog in the front porch, because she was already used to it. Yet again she reminded me, that I was only going to feed it and not keep it. I looked at her in grief as if I wanted to cry, and she didn’t budge and walked inside. â€Å"Stay here†, I told the dog, as if he knew what I was saying he sat there. I ran inside and grabbed some steamed carrots and broccoli mother had cooked, I mashed them into little pieces and put in onto a paper plate. As quickly as I could, I went to the front porch and gave them to the dog, as he began eating the vegetables, I started to pet him. I soon realized he didn’t have water, so I ran back inside to get him some and when I got back outside he was gone, my heart bro ke a little that day. I went inside began to cry, knowing he could die without water yet my mom reminded me that at least I feed him. She knew I was over dramatic. Since my mother saw the passion I had for caring for animals, she thought it’d be a good idea to take me to volunteer at the Palm Valley Animal shelter, I was supper excited, I couldn’t wait to help all the beautiful innocent animals. I walked in and the nice lady at the front desk told my mother and I, to sign in, so we did. Soon after they led us to a door where they hadShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appe arRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Small drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as people whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the busy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower shop employee across the street scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the displayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enquired. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these st ories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. I can see it in his eyes, he really has beenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing974 Words   |  4 Pages I was used to moving round, having a mother who liked to travel more than making roots was something I had gotten used to. Still, I had never gotten used to the loneliness of an empty house when she was out exploring, or the feeling of leaving behind someone who could have meant something to me. Our most recent move was Oregon. It was pretty, and I didn’t mind it, but it was much different than Florida. Not only was it opposite sides of the country, it felt as if it were opposite worlds. InRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1012 Words   |  5 Pageshave plenty of time in the next month to think about my feeling in regards to Kendrick. I needed to finish up the article and get it off to my editor. I should be able to get it done by tonight and send an email in the morning. I was thinking of writing my next article about the sea life around the Scottish coast. Since our salmon dinner last evening I thought I would do a piece about the commercial salmon farming that began in Scotland in 1969. In 2002 over 145,000 metric tons of farmed AtlanticRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1561 Words   |  7 PagesThere’s something I need to say and what follows may not be something that you’d expect, it won’t be heartening or uplifting. If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. I pulled open the drawers, pulling on a colorful tank top and a grayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1345 Words   |  6 PagesLater that night, I was behind the wheel of my G-Wagon with Melissa in the passenger seat. She didn’t feel like driving since she was on the road all day and I understood so I didn’t mind when she asked me to. I had been tight-lipped. She kept eyeballing me as if she detected that something was bothering me but I just kept singing to my India Arie as if I was carefree. â€Å"So are you going to tell me what’s going on or no† Melissa said disrupting my own personal concert. I stopped singing and tookRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesI WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash

Human Trafficking A Form Of Modern Day Slavery - 1394 Words

Human trafficking, a form of modern-day slavery, is the third largest money making venture in the world; 2.5 million out of 8.1 million of forced labor are sex trafficked and 1.7 million of women and girls are in commercial sexual exploitation (Stone 320). When it comes to human trafficking, it can happen to anyone and anywhere. Many female victims are sexually exploited because women and girls under the age of 18 are lured and misled by promises of employment, leaving their home and consideration that they will have a better life and finding themselves in sexual slavery and fear (â€Å"What Is†). Most sex-trafficked victims are unable to escape, but when they do, they use their voices to share their horrid experiences and how it has affected them. Women and children from all over the world are forced into some type of labor or prostitution. They are beaten, starved, and forced to work with little or no pay at all (â€Å"What Is†). Jasmine Marino-Fiandaca is a former sex-trafficking victim that was a prisoner for seven years of violence and sexual slavery. On New York Daily News, Marino-Fiandaca was interviewed and shared her story of sex trade. Marino-Fiandaca was only eighteen years old when a man, who was supposedly her boyfriend, targeted her. The man â€Å"groomed† her by buying her gifts, providing a place to stay, promising a loving relationship before he revealed his true intent. She states that she felt very special because he gave her all the attention she wanted while she feltShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Form Of Slavery Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Trafficking: The Modern-Day Form of Slavery Laura Gomez Case Western Reserve University On October 6, 2016, the CEO of the Backpage.com was arrested in Texas on allegations of sex trafficking and pimping involving underage victims (Fernandez, 2016). In Los Angeles, 153 prostitution-related arrests were made along with the rescue of 10 victims forced into the sex trade (Evans, 2016). A human trafficking sting in Texas, headed by McLennan County Sherriff s Office and the Homeland SecurityRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Modern Day Form Of Slavery1393 Words   |  6 PagesDo you know what human trafficking is? Well, human trafficking is just another name for modern slavery.   Different medias, like television shows and movies, make it look like human trafficking only happens in foreign countries or to foreign citizens.   That however, is dangerously untrue.   It is one of the biggest crime industries in America, behind drug and arms dealing.   It’s happening right in our backyard, human trafficking is extremely prevalent in big American cities and states w ith internationalRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Modern Day Form Of Slavery1591 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking is a billion dollar industry and is arguably the fastest growing criminal enterprise in the world. It exists in every country. It’s victims are both old and young, black and white, and spans every socioeconomic bracket. The Department of Homeland Security defines human trafficking as, ‘a modern-day form of slavery involving the illegal trade of people for exploitation or commercial gain’ (What Is Human Trafficking?). 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Introduction Of Fiber Optics Essay Example For Students

Introduction Of Fiber Optics Essay Fiber OpticsAssignmentMany modern medical materials and equipment work on a principle which isbeyond the capacity of human transducers. Comment and discuss the working principles of an endoscope, uteroscopeor a rectoscope showing the illuminating path, the image path, transmission pathand the liquid transfer or operating instrument ducts, showing the position ofsuitable valves. This will therefore explain how light travels through an optical fibreand show how such fibres are used in medicinal equipment either to transmitlight or to bring back images from within a patient. ContentsFibre OpticsFibre-Optic BundlesCoherent and Incoherent BundlesTransimission efficiency and resolutionTypes of Fibres: Single mode or Multimode ?Fibre PropertiesFibre-Optic EndoscopyIntroductionThe Fibre-Optic EndoscopeSome Applications for Fibre-Optic EndoscopyReferencesFibre OpticsA relatively new technology with vast potential importance, fibre optics, is thechannelled transmission of light through hair-thin glass fibres. The clear advantages of fibre optics are too often obscured by concerns thatmay have been valid during the pioneering days of fibre, but that have sincebeen answered by technical advances. Fibre is fragileAn optical fibre has greater tensile strength than copper or steel fibres of thesame diameter. It is flexible, bends easily, and resists most corrosiveelements that attack copper cable. Optical cables can withstand pulling forcesof more than 150 pounds. Fibre is hard to work withThis myth derives from the early days of fibre optic connectors. Earlyconnectors where difficult to apply; they came with many small parts that couldtax even the nimble fingered. They needed epoxy, curing, cleaving and polishing. On top of that, the technologies of epoxy, curing, cleaving and polishing werestill evolving. Today, connectors have fewer parts, the procedures for termination are wellunderstood, and the craftsperson is aided by polishing machines and curing ovensto make the job faster and easier. Even better, epoxyless connectors eliminate the need for the messy and time-consuming application of epoxy. Polishing is an increasingly simple,straightforward process. Pre-terminated cable assemblies also speedinstallation and reduce a once (but no longer) labour-intensive process. Fibre Optic BundlesIf light enters the end of a solid glass rod so that the light transmitted intothe rod strikes the side of the rod at an angle O, exceeding the critical angle,then total internal reflection occurs. The light continues to be internallyreflected back and forth in its passage along the rod, and it emerges from theother end with very little loss of intensity. This is the principle in fibre optics of which long glass fibres of very smallcross-sectional area transmit light from end to end, even when bent, withoutmuch loss of light through their side walls. Such fibres can then be combinedinto bundles of dozens to thousands of fibres for the efficient conveyance oflight from one (often inaccessible) point to another. If the glass fibre comes into contact with a substance of equal or higherrefractive index, such as an adjacent glass fibre, dirt or grease, then totalinternal reflection does not occur and light is lost rapidly by transmissionthrough the area of contact. To avoid such leakage and to protect the fibres,they are clad in glass skins of refractive index lower than that of the fibrecore. As the angle of incidence I increases, Rincreases and O ( = (n/2) -R)decreases. Eventually, O reaches C, the critical angle, and any furtherreduction in O results in transmission through the side wall. The expression n0 sin Imax is called the numerical aperture of the fibre. Atypical value for this might be 0.55, making Imax about 33o in air. SometimesImax is referred to as the half-angle of the fibre, since it describes halfthe field of view acceptably transmitted. The numerical aperture (and henceImax) can be increased by using a core of high refractive index. However, theseglasses have a lower efficiency of transmission, especially at the blue end ofthe spectrum, and are not commonly used. .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 , .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 .postImageUrl , .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 , .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9:hover , .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9:visited , .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9:active { border:0!important; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9:active , .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9 .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0b218f752235a9266fd3d91d66934ca9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marvell vs Herrick EssayThe above analysis applies only to a straight line fibre. If the fibre is curved,the angles of incidence vary as the light travels along the fibre and lossesoccur if the angles fall below the critical angle. In practice, a radius ofcurvature down to about twenty times the fibre diameter can be tolerated withoutsignificant losses. Coherent and Incoherent BundlesAn ideal fibre transmits light independently of its neighbours, so if a bundleof fibres is placed together in an orderly manner along its length, with therelative positions remaining unchanged, actual images may be transmitted alongthe fibre. Such an arrangement

Information Management and Control

Question: Discuss about the Information Management and Control. Answer: Introduction Ausmed Education is a nursing education and innovation organization situated in North Melbourne, Australia. Ausmed has practical experience in electronic and mechanical applications that help medical caretakers in their Continuing Professional Development. Cynthea Wellings established Ausmed as a little nursing distribution organization in 1987. After independence they published a book called Urinary Continence. The organization proceeded to providing medical attendant services guide in the 1990s. By the 2000s the company started concentrating on training innovators, particularly in medical field. The company also offer birth specialists training, including online CPD courses and association software. In May 2014, the organization launch Ausmed-on-the-Go, an iPhone application that streams diseases. Administering the information management and control policy is exceptionally vital on an organization private data security. The stakeholders need to note the dangers of information leakage. The results of the leakage may cause a company millions of losses. Furthermore, it will cause instability in an association. Along these lines, firms like Ausmed has built up some mechanism to curb the rise of cyber-attack activities(Wernz, 2014). Those mechanisms have enhanced and protect the companys information system from being spied on by the enemies. Furthermore, information management is the way towards recognizing companys loopholes which may pose future threat to the company(Zvezdov, 2012). Those organizations which lack the capacity to control how their clients data privacy is shared, are in a danger of losing trust from their customers. For the business to function smoothly, they must recognize the needs to distinguish such dangers so as to block them from penetrating to the companys s ystem. Purpose Ideally, this study attempts to investigate and assess the relevancy of risk management in healthcare in Australia as guided by Ausmed as a consultative agency. Moreover, the study provides elaborative solutions to eminent risks and indicates primacy of risk communication for an organization. Scope The study further examines how the risk management influences the decision of the management in the healthcare. It also highlights proper ways in which it may be carried out in an organization. Methods Secondary sources such as journal on risk management were very vital in collection of relevant information about the activities carried out by Ausmed in offering their services on appropriate measures that nursing department ought to take in dispensing their activities and ways of obliterating chances of risks in their departments. Research The primary aim of this research is to conduct some risk assessments in Ausmed Education in the view of identifying, analyzing and taking appropriate measures in order to curb the possible risks that would hinder proper functionality of the healthcare(Pollack Adler, 2014). Different journals were very instrumental. Once the firm has identified the eminent risks in the organization, it would devise proper strategies to counter them or totally obliterate the risk from occurring in the organization(MilosÃÅ'Å’, 2016). It is important to define risks as any possible threat to the firm. It is explicitly clear that risks may halt the activities of the firm if not well identified and countered within an organization(Orset, 2014). Some of the possible risks in an organization are enumerated as follows; compliance risk, financial, fire, development, manufacture, growth, theft, risk of uncertainties and legal liability risks. Jones (2012) when the firm produces the product it is susceptibl e to some risks such as whether the given product has met the required quality set by the standards and regulation body dealing with a given product(Dani, 2015). When such products has not met the given threshold, there is higher likelihood of manufacturer incurring great loss since the commodity may not be admissible in the market. There are multiple risks associated with manufacturing of a product. According to Ausmed Education, it has enumerated these challenges so as to aid the manufacture of pharmaceutical product on adherence to safety regulation as provisioned by Food and Poisons body(Volkanovski, 2013). This body is mandated with the responsibility of seeing to it that the health of pharmaceutical users is guaranteed through the certification of the said drugs before its dispensation(Trkman, 2016). The firm may want to expand its business. In expanding the firm, a business may incur some risks of growth such as challenges in implementing its strategic plan. Dahlin (2012) asserts that most of this risks may be unpredictable in the firm. This may be as a result of calamity such as flood or fluctuations in the business performance. However, the firm may devise some workable solution to counter such cases(KozÅ‚owski, 2012). Ausmed Education offers consultative services to the nursing department on how to avert cases of unpredictability in their organization(Eskerod, 2015). Nursing fraternity ought to be fully trained on how to manage issues of unpredictable circumstances so as to know how best to take care of the patients without arousing or raising animosity in the system(Goucher, 2011). The firm may be exposed to threat such as burglary or robbery within the organization. Most of the firm have ever experienced such cases in one level or another. Legal risks may result due to the firm not being able to pay taxes accruing to great amount of money that may affect the firms growth and progress. Formal risk assessment Dani (2015) aserts that there are risks related with the need to conform to the rules and regulations of the government. The firm may have been obliged to adhere to a given set of regulation and rules by the government other agencies. It is always important for the firm to conform to the set rules of either the land or other relevant compliance laws that the firm is entitled to. Depending on the nature of the business, every business falls under a given industry. These industries have clear regulations and policies and therefore, it is prudent for the firm to know these regulations and policies(Dahlin, 2012). Lack of compliance puts the firm on very uncompromising situation since it is going to be at loggerheads with the concerned authority. In most cases, those organization that fail to adhere to these laws, they usually find themselves in problem and this may also culminate to the closure of the organization. Financial risks This implies the risk associated to the financial matters of the firm. This may come as a result of not having proper regulation to control monetary circulation and its usage in the organization (Tripp, 2012). As such, most of the organization find some of the executive official engaging in embezzlement of fund making the firm to be at risk of collapsing. If proper measures are not taken into consideration, the company may lose a lot of money through unscrupulous and dubious means by its leaders and other staffs(Hamilton, 2014). Matter of finance is very sensitive issue in any organization since it determines whether the firm is stable and sustainable. Finance is one of the dichotomies of sustainability. It lies under the economic performance. From different researches that have been conducted in different companies in Australia, it is evident that a firm collapses if there are no clear regulations in controlling the usage of finance in the organization. When there are no clear regul ations, it implies that leaders may use that opportunity to amass wealth for themselves at the expense of the core objective of the company. Fire Threats of fire are very common in most of the healthcare. It is in this view that health centers ought to put some regulatory and safety measures to curb such situations from occurring in the firm(Vaujany, 2015). The risk of fire may be averted if the firm decides to educate and train its staff on safety regulation concerning such risk. It is imperative for Ausmed Education to fully sensitize its staff on the primacy of safety measures in case of fire there in the organization(Hamilton, 2014). This will go hand in hand with the first aid training in order for healthcare to be at a better position to counter the said challenges. Installation of fire extinguisher at different location is also important for the firm. Since Ausmed Education is a nursing education institution, it is prudent for the management to also training its staff on the process of evacuation to minimize cases of casualty in case of fire break out(Geiger, 2015). Moreover, Ausmed Education has managed to avert this c ase by designing proper emergency doors to enhance safety of its workforce. On the same breathe, since the organization is erected, its elevators have also been designed in such a manner to be easier to control in case of emergency. Development risks These are all the risks associated with the development of the organization. It encompasses the risk related to the firms input in realizing a given project within its premises. When an organization is carrying out its activities of expanding the firm, it incurs a lot of cost which when not looked at it critically, it may put the firm at a quagmire state(Hung, 2012). Ausmed Education has laid down proper strategies to counter such anomaly occurring in their institution. It is important to state that the organization needs to carry out empirical survey on its development project to ascertain where some corrective measures ought to be initiated. Similarly, this risks may be expunged from the system if there is clear communication among the executive(Dey, 2015). In addition to this, it is also important for the management to fully incorporate its junior staff in some of decision making in order to get their view as they may be very instrumental in the firm in guiding on proper measures to be devised or undertaken. Marketing risks These are threats that a given firm is exposed to during the process of marketing. The firm may incur a lot of loss if they have not taken thorough analysis of the market competition. This implies that the firm may have invested heavily on the advertising process without putting into consideration some of the predominant factors that affects the firms brand (Abbadi, 2014). If this is not looked at deeply, it may result to incredible loss in the firm. Ausmed Education may face this risk if it has not laid down proper measures to fully counter it. The aforesaid company may analyze marketing risk by determining the amount of finance it channels in marketing their brand(Jones, 2012). It is important to underscore that effective advisements of the firm is very crucial as it allows people from diversified parts of the nation to be aware what kind of services they offer. Communication of the risk According to Project Management Journal authored by Pollack and Adler (2014) effective communication is very important in any organization. Risk communication is the process of informing people, community, staff of the possible risks within their working operation and how to counter them in case it arises(Boutaba, 2015). The role of risk communication cannot be overlooked and it is in this view that this work explicates some of its disadvantages in the normal setting. Virtually, communication of risks explains the impact of risks to the organization. It also provides basis on how the firm needs to prepare for such risks by allocating proper resources so as to avert them. Moreover, it outlines the difference that exists between hazards and risks(Lester, 2014). The aim of communication of risks is to prepare an individual effectively to deal with fears that may arise out of a given risk occurrence. For most of the people, it is not easy to deal with fear; however prior knowledge prepar es the person in advance on how to manage such fears. Similarly, it improves on understanding of different risks and appropriate strategies that ought to be laid down to manage them(Byrnes, 2015). This goes along way with the primacy of understanding how risk management influences the decision making of the executives. Additionally, communication on possible risks creates an avenue where unpredictable elements are highlighted and discussed it in the view of bettering ones understanding on the risks. In normal circumstances, there is no way one would say that their property or assets are purely safe from any possible risks(Miles, 2012). It is in this view that regular assessment ought to be made to ascertain other risks that may have emerged in the system. All this understanding are clearly elaborated and expounded at this level of communication which is very paramount for an organization(Chaki, 2015). Primarily, communication improves on transparency and allows the organization or business to fully implement any risks. It is therefore important to state that the communication on risk management prepares one in dealing with viable conflicts in the said environment. It is always important for the firm to identify that everyone in the organization is very instrumental and thereby communication is very vital for every team player in the organization. This is because when the institution works as a team, there is higher likelihood of such organization functioning well and able to avert the cases. In nutshell, the primary role of communication of risk is that it enlightens different parties on the possible steps to take in order to avert and prevalent risks in the system. Recommendation As it has been enumerated above, communication of risks plays a very instrumental role in creating awareness about the viable risks that a firm is exposed to. Therefore, the firm needs to clear train its staff on possible way of combating prevalent risks. The company should emphasize on the need of ensuring safety at all time and cost in the organization. The firm ought to ensure that the working place is a safe environment where the employees may dispense their activities well(Oliver, 2014). There is more need for the management to provide appropriate or safety gears to its supporting team in the view of preparedness for any possible risks in the firm. On the same breathe, the, management should clearly stipulate particular region or place where they may access the required material in case of fire break out in the organization. Since it has been identified that Ausmed offers education and consultative services to the nursing fraternity in Australia. It would be prudent for the nurs es to fully initiate the practical skills they acquire from the firm in their healthcare to reduce any possible risks that may be very costly to the organization. Notably, the firm should conduct their periodic survey so as to identify possible threat besieging the firm or healthcare(Ross, 2015). Regular assessment is very important as the assessment is geared towards identification and providing possible ways to manage or even obliterate the risks in their organization. Similarly, the firm should make it a policy for everyone to review on the safety measures so make them to be well acquainted with the pedagogical skills on how to handle risky situation in the firm. References Abbadi, I. M. (2014). Cloud management and security. Boutaba, R. (2015). Network Management and Control. Iste/Hermes Science Pub. Byrnes, W. J. (2015). Management and the arts. Chaki, S. (2015). Enterprise information management in practice: Managing data and leveraging profits in today's complex business environment. Dahlin, P. . (2012). Management and information technology: Challenges for the modern organization. New York: Routledge. Damani, N. N. (2012). Manual of infection prevention and control. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. Dani, S. (2015). Food supply chain management and logistics: From farm to fork. Dey, K. A. (2015). Competitive innovation and improvement: Statistical design and control. Eskerod, P. H. (2015). Project Stakeholder ManagementPast and Present. 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A long-term perspective. Risk Management, 18, 65-88. Oliver, G. . (2014). Records management and information culture: Tackling the people problem. Orset, C. (2014). Innovation and the precautionary principle. (Economics of innovation and new technology, 23(8), 802-824. Pollack Adler, D. (2014). Does Project Management Affect Business Productivity? Evidence From Australian Small to Medium Enterprises.Project Management Journal, 45(6), 17-24. Ross, D. F. (2015). Distribution planning and control: Managing in the era of supply chain management. Tripp, R. S. (2012). Improving Air Force command and control through enhanced agile combat support planning, execution, monitoring, and control processes. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Trkman, P. V. (2016). Value-oriented supply chain risk management. You get what you expect. Industrial Management + Data Systems, 116, 1061-1083. Vaujany, F.-X. (2015). Materiality, rules and regulation: New trends in management and organization studies. Volkanovski, A. K. (2013). Uncertainty distributions and probabilistic safety analysis. Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis, 3369-3377. Wernz, J. (2014). Bank management and control: Strategy, capital and risk management. Heidelberg: Springer. Zvezdov, D. (2012). Sustainability accounting: towards improved information management and management control . LuÃÅ'ˆneburg: Univ.